Charcoal and Activated Carbons
A black, porous, carbonaceous material, 85 to 98 percent carbon, produced by the destructive distillation of wood and used as a fuel, filter, and adsorbent. Charcoal is amorphous and porous carbon, it contains almost no graphite phase and it may contain partially carbonized organizing substances as well as tar and mineral all of these varying tremendously with the source used to generate the Charcoal. Activated carbon is similar but it has been prepared from substrates carefully selected to yield a very high porosity. Some forms come from carbonizing carbohydrate substrates like starch or celluloid yielding very low mineral content. Activated carbon is a kind of black porous solid carbon, by coal by grinding, molding or with uniform coal particles by carbonization, activation of production.
Graphite
A soft crystalline allotrope of carbon, composed of graphene layers, having a steel-gray to black metallic luster and agreasy feel, used in lead pencils, lubricants, paints and coatings, and fabricated into a variety of forms such as molds,bricks, electrodes, crucibles, and rocket nozzles. Graphite is 3D
A soft crystalline allotrope of carbon, composed of graphene layers, having a steel-gray to black metallic luster and agreasy feel, used in lead pencils, lubricants, paints and coatings, and fabricated into a variety of forms such as molds,bricks, electrodes, crucibles, and rocket nozzles.
A soft crystalline allotrope of carbon, composed of graphene layers, having a steel-gray to black metallic luster and agreasy feel, used in lead pencils, lubricants, paints and coatings, and fabricated into a variety of forms such as molds,bricks, electrodes, crucibles, and rocket nozzles.
Graphene
[caption id="attachment_934" align="aligncenter" width="512"]
Graphene[/caption]
A monolayer of carbon atoms having a hexagonal lattice structure and constituting a basic structural element ofgraphite, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes. Graphene is 2D
Graphene is the name for an atom-thick honeycomb sheet of carbon atoms. It is the building block for other graphitic materials (since a typical carbon atom has a diameter of about 0.33 nanometers, there are about 3 million layers of graphene in 1 mm of graphite).
Units of graphene are known as nanographene; these are tailored to specific functions and as such their fabrication process is more complicated than that of generic graphene. Nanographene is made by selectively removing hydrogen atoms from organic molecules of carbon and hydrogen, a process called dehydrogenation.
Harder than diamond yet more elestic than rubber; tougher than steel yet lighter than aluminium. Graphene is the strongest known material.
To put this in perspective: if a sheet of cling film (like kitchen wrap film) had the same strength as a pristine monolayer of graphene, it would require the force exerted by a mass of 2000 kg, or a large car, to puncture it with a pencil.
It is expected that, by strengthening standards and creating tailored high-quality materials, graphene will go beyond niche products and applications to broad market penetration by 2025. Then, graphene could be incorporated in ubiquitous commodities such as tyres, batteries and electronics.
Fullerence
A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms. The molecule may be a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, or many other shapes and sizes. Graphene (isolated atomic layers of graphite), which is a flat mesh of regular hexagonal rings, can be seen as an extreme member of the family.
Fullerenes with a closed mesh topology are informally denoted by their empirical formula Cn, often written Cn, where n is the number of carbon atoms. However, for some values of n there may be more than one isomer.
The family is named after buckminsterfullerene (C60), the most famous member, which in turn is named after Buckminster Fuller. The closed fullerenes, especially C60, are also informally called buckyballs for their resemblance to the standard ball of association football ("soccer"). Nested closed fullerenes have been named bucky onions. Cylindrical fullerenes are also called carbon nanotubes or buckytubes. The bulk solid form of pure or mixed fullerenes is called fullerite.
Fullerenes had been predicted for some time, but only after their accidental synthesis in 1985 were they detected in nature and outer space. The discovery of fullerenes greatly expanded the number of known allotropes of carbon, which had previously been limited to graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon such as soot and charcoal. They have been the subject of intense research, both for their chemistry and for their technological applications, especially in materials science, electronics, and nanotechnology.
Charcoal and Activated Carbons
A black, porous, carbonaceous material, 85 to 98 percent carbon, produced by the destructive distillation of wood and used as a fuel, filter, and adsorbent. Charcoal is amorphous and porous carbon, it contains almost no graphite phase and it may contain partially carbonized organizing substances as well as tar and mineral all of these varying tremendously with the source used to generate the Charcoal. Activated carbon is similar but it has been prepared from substrates carefully selected to yield a very high porosity. Some forms come from carbonizing carbohydrate substrates like starch or celluloid yielding very low mineral content. Activated carbon is a kind of black porous solid carbon, by coal by grinding, molding or with uniform coal particles by carbonization, activation of production.
Graphite
A soft crystalline allotrope of carbon, composed of graphene layers, having a steel-gray to black metallic luster and agreasy feel, used in lead pencils, lubricants, paints and coatings, and fabricated into a variety of forms such as molds,bricks, electrodes, crucibles, and rocket nozzles. Graphite is 3D
A soft crystalline allotrope of carbon, composed of graphene layers, having a steel-gray to black metallic luster and agreasy feel, used in lead pencils, lubricants, paints and coatings, and fabricated into a variety of forms such as molds,bricks, electrodes, crucibles, and rocket nozzles.
A soft crystalline allotrope of carbon, composed of graphene layers, having a steel-gray to black metallic luster and agreasy feel, used in lead pencils, lubricants, paints and coatings, and fabricated into a variety of forms such as molds,bricks, electrodes, crucibles, and rocket nozzles.
Graphene
[caption id="attachment_934" align="aligncenter" width="512"] Graphene[/caption]
A monolayer of carbon atoms having a hexagonal lattice structure and constituting a basic structural element ofgraphite, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes. Graphene is 2D
Graphene is the name for an atom-thick honeycomb sheet of carbon atoms. It is the building block for other graphitic materials (since a typical carbon atom has a diameter of about 0.33 nanometers, there are about 3 million layers of graphene in 1 mm of graphite).
Units of graphene are known as nanographene; these are tailored to specific functions and as such their fabrication process is more complicated than that of generic graphene. Nanographene is made by selectively removing hydrogen atoms from organic molecules of carbon and hydrogen, a process called dehydrogenation.
Harder than diamond yet more elestic than rubber; tougher than steel yet lighter than aluminium. Graphene is the strongest known material.
To put this in perspective: if a sheet of cling film (like kitchen wrap film) had the same strength as a pristine monolayer of graphene, it would require the force exerted by a mass of 2000 kg, or a large car, to puncture it with a pencil.
It is expected that, by strengthening standards and creating tailored high-quality materials, graphene will go beyond niche products and applications to broad market penetration by 2025. Then, graphene could be incorporated in ubiquitous commodities such as tyres, batteries and electronics.
Fullerence
A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms. The molecule may be a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, or many other shapes and sizes. Graphene (isolated atomic layers of graphite), which is a flat mesh of regular hexagonal rings, can be seen as an extreme member of the family.
Fullerenes with a closed mesh topology are informally denoted by their empirical formula Cn, often written Cn, where n is the number of carbon atoms. However, for some values of n there may be more than one isomer.
The family is named after buckminsterfullerene (C60), the most famous member, which in turn is named after Buckminster Fuller. The closed fullerenes, especially C60, are also informally called buckyballs for their resemblance to the standard ball of association football ("soccer"). Nested closed fullerenes have been named bucky onions. Cylindrical fullerenes are also called carbon nanotubes or buckytubes. The bulk solid form of pure or mixed fullerenes is called fullerite.
Fullerenes had been predicted for some time, but only after their accidental synthesis in 1985 were they detected in nature and outer space. The discovery of fullerenes greatly expanded the number of known allotropes of carbon, which had previously been limited to graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon such as soot and charcoal. They have been the subject of intense research, both for their chemistry and for their technological applications, especially in materials science, electronics, and nanotechnology.
Graphene[/caption]