Materials based on graphene oxide are under development for use in dental composites. The expectation is that they will lead to fixed dental prostheses with increased longevity and improved clinical function.
Encyclopedia
Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma Reactors
Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma reactors are a type of reactor that has recently been used by industry to produce graphene commercially.
In contrast to other methods, DBD plasma reactors lead to a standalone graphene product.
The other methods employ plasma-assisted methods that are more applicable to academic interests or are restricted to deposition onto a specific surface.
Dielectric Substrates
These are substrates on which graphene can be grown directly upon and include materials such as boron nitride, silicon, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, gallium nitride, magnesium oxide and silicon nitride, to name a few.
While this has been a focus of much research, the results thus far have been mixed, proving difficult to get both continuous and highly conductive films.
Direct Chemical Synthesis (Pyrolysis)
This is a method for producing graphene. One type of direct chemical synthesis is the so-called solvo-thermal synthesis. In these processes, spontaneous crystallizations occur from liquid when they are in sealed autoclave vessels.
Basically, you combine a carbon source like a sodium metal to give a free carbon to sodium chloride.
More specifically, you would takelaboratory-grade ethanol and sodium as starting materials to synthesize sodium ethoxide.
Then what is called pyrolysis is performed, which essentially is thermal decomposition of material, to a fused array of graphene sheets that can be easily dispersed using mild sonication.