Ball milling is a process for grinding a material. It involves A slightly inclined or horizontal rotating cylinder that is partially filled with balls,which grind material to the necessary fineness by friction and impact with the tumbling balls. A ball-milling treatment can help to fabricate graphene composites of variety of matrixes.
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Bandgap
A bandgap is an energy range in which electrons cannot exist. A bandgap is required to enable electronic switching. Semiconductor materials like silicon are used in electronics because while it conducts it electrons, it can also act as an insulator–it has a bandgap. Graphene without any alteration does not have a bandgap, making it a pure conductor.
Bilayer Graphene
This is simply two layers of graphene. This type of graphene was synthesized by Geim and Novosolev in their first experiments and would fall into the category of Very Few Layers (VFL) graphene.
Biosensors
A biosensor is an analytical device that can detect a biomolecule-related element with an appropriate transducer to generate a measurable signal from the sample. In general, graphene possesses attractive qualities for sensors and biosensors, such as ultra-high charge mobility, transparency, large surface area, non-toxicity, high-tensile strength and high thermal conductivity to name a few. However, for graphene to maintain these properties, it has to be kept in a pretty pure form.
Black Phosphorus
Black phosphorus is the thermodynamically stable form of phosphorus at room temperature and pressure. In 2014, researchers were able to exfoliate the material to thin films just 10 to 20 atoms thick. Not only does it have an inherent bandgap unlike graphene, but that bandgap is also highly tunable, depending on the number of layers used. However, the property that really sets black phosphorus apart from graphene and nearly all two-dimensional materials is its intrinsically strong, in-plane anisotropy. That means its properties are directionally dependent, like the grain of a piece of wood.
Bottom-Up Manufacturing
Bottom-up manufacturing involves building up your product up, atom by atom, often through guided self-assembly. CVD deposition techniques would be considered bottom-up manufacturing because the layers grow themselves.
Bulk Supply
Bulk supply is a term that is associated with applications that require material levels reaching many tons per year of graphene, such as nanocomposite inks. This means that the costs of these materials are much lower and therefore lower grades of graphene.